The Royal Fuziliers and the Siege of Ft St. Jean
"Narrative of the Siege of St. Johns, Canada
Commanded by Major Sir Charles Preston [-added by another hand ]"
Commanded by Major Sir Charles Preston [-added by another hand ]"
"Name of J. Andre on 1st page - strung up as a spy in 1780 Buried in Westminster Abbey (added by another hand in what looks like pencil)
[CAIN No. 185387 National Archives of Canada
TITLE: Charles Preston fonds. “The fonds also contains a journal of the siege of St. John with the name of J. André on the fly-leaf, professional analysis of the signature on the fly-leaf and handwriting of this journal in 1976 indicate that it was written by Major John André, dated 17 September to 3 November 1775, 52 pages. It is believed that the journal was written by André on order of Preston, who was André's commanding offer during the siege.”
Transcribed by Frank Cecala July 2010]
[Page 1]
St. John's the 17th September 1774 (but it was really 1775)
Our Redouts were at this time (if not finished) at least in a very defensible state; The Insides of the parapet and the Embrasures were sodded. The ditch was frais'd and the Guns mounted, there it is true on very bad platforms We had two eight Inch Howitze(rs) and 8 royal or Cohorn Mortars, about 30 pieces of Cannon, among which were two light brass 24 lbs, 6 Iron 9 lb. The rest were of smaller Caliber, and chiefly brass. The Schooner which before the Redouts carried 12 Guns and was finished The Row Gallery which was launch'd soon after carried one brass 24 lb.
The Garrison consisted of Fuziliers 239
Officers and 26th Regt 198
not R. Emigrants 18
included Volunteers 71
R Artillery 31
557
[page 2]
On board the Vessels
10 of the Carpenters
did duty In all
We had besides there, or rather were encumnber'd with about 40 Women & and a many Children, whom we we were now oblig'd to take within the Forts from huts around them, where they had hitherto liv'd.
The whole accounting to souls were contain'd in a Barrack built for 25 Men: a barn, and a large house belonging to Col. Christie & a Mr. Hasen. It was round these buildings that the Redouts were thrown up and these were the work of 300 Men since the month of July.
The Men had neither Bedding, Straw
[Page 3]
or blankets; for about 20 amongst [between crossed out] near 200 Men deserve not to be mention'd. Provision and a quantity of blankets which were on the way to St. Johns were seiz'd by the rebels, of great Importance in a Climate where the nights of September and October are as cold as those of the of the two Succeeding Months in England.
17th
At about 2 oClock this afternoon a few Batteaux appear'd off Point Daniel about 1 1/2 miles from the Fort and our Guard Boat cou'd perceive a Sloop, a Schooner, Gondolas, pettiaugers, and a great many Batteaux. The Vessels were at Anchor and men were landing from Boats. The Gondola's advanc'd a little and fir'd serveral Shot at the
[page 4]
Guard Boats and the Forts whilst we sent them some Howitz Shells from one of these pieces of Artillery which Captn Williams had fixt so as to serve as a Mortar.
18th
This morning we were inform'd that the rebels intended to take post about 2 miles lower than St. John's, at a rivulet near which we had had a redoubt till within a fortnight, when the Enemy made their first appearance at the Isle aux Noix. Lieut: Duff (?) with 30 Men was sent for intelligence, with orders to bring in the Cattle belonging to the neighbouring farms. At his return he reported that there appear'd
[page 5]
to him to be about 200 Men on the other Side of the rivulet entrench'd with the logs of a Bridge which they had broken. Capt Strong was then sent with a detachment of 100 men, an Officer of Artillery with a field peice and the Volunteers.. The Rebels on their appearing fir;d a few shot and ran off into the wood.. Our people took two wounded prisoners, and lost one man (Mons: Beaubien a Volunteer)
We had two or three wounded.
After this little skirmish whilst the breast work was destroying more Ammunitionn was sent for from the Fort which an Officer and 20 Men brought up. The Bridge was scarce
[page 6]
repair'd when some noise was heard and an Indian who appear'd at the Edge of the wood was seiz'd by two or three who were with us: A good many shot were then fir'd from behind the Trees and Bushes but upon our returning the fire very briskly nothing more was heard of the Enemy. A Slodier of the 26th Regiment was kill'd in the last fray. Captn Dundee, on the second firing being heard at the Fort, was ordered out with a reinforcement of 40 men and met the first Detachemt on their return to the Fort.
During this time the Enemys
[page 7]
Gondola's had been insulting the redouts with a few Shot which had no Effect.
The Indian who was taken was buffeted by our Indians and sent back. Mr. Hazen and Mr. Tucker who were found with the rebels (tho' indeed without Arms) were kept prisoners in the Forts. In this Affair, as there has since been throughout the Campaign in Canada there were Englishmen fighting against Englishmen, French against French and Indians of the same Tribe against each other.
Both the last night and this the Rebels were heard at work entrenchg themselves.
[page 8]
19 We heard they had again taken post in the place from which we had driven them, and had brought away the Inhabitants from between the redouts and themselves.
We demolis'd the huts which had been built without the Forts for the Women.
The two or three Indians who were yet at St. Johns were sent to Montreal, We had a false Alarm in the night from a Sentry firing his piece.
It rain'd extreamly hard and half the Garrison was constantly up & was reliev'd every four hours.
[page 9]
20 A Man was sent across the River to Hazens House, he cou'd from thence see them entrenching very near us: We threw a Shell or two towards the place where we presum'd they were.
We had an Alarm in the night & almost a general fire from the Works. In the morning a Horse was found dead, this was the Enemy our out Sentry had seen and challang'd.
21 A Man was sent out again a little way to the northward of the redouts, and found the road block'd in many places with fell'd trees.
It rain'd the whole night and blew very hard. One of our Batteaux drove Down the River and was lost.
[page 10]
A large Batteau with 3 or 4 Barrels of pork and as many of Flour in which a Boy was sleeping,
drov ([] down from the Enemy we Stopt her and at the same time a Yawl from the same quarter.
The Boy told us that the Enemy had 4 Guns and two mortars, that they were erecting a Battery, and making a road to it thro' the wood, that their Tents were insufficient and that they slept in the gondolas pettiaugers & c: that their Batteaux were constructed for 40 Men. He likewise told us they had sent back to Tichonderoga for a 13 inch Mortar called the Sow.
[page 11]
22 A deserter came in, he told us the Enemy were erecting a Battery close to the edge of the wood South of the redouts and within 400 yards of us, that they were making a road thither from the point. We sent a good many Shot and Shells to the place the deserter pointed out to us. Our Guard Batteau was fir'd on this morning.
This day we sat about pulling down the houses near the Fort and making a Line of Communication between the North and South Redouts.
Towards night a party of 100 Men was sent across the river to Hazens House to fetch away the Cattle, but the Cattle cou'd not be found & the party was fir'd on.
[page 12]
At about 8 oClock we receiv'd several shot from Musketry at the edge of the wood South of the Redoubts. A traverse was begun at the South redoubt and we erected Sheds in the North redout behind the Banquette as a Shelter for the Men on duty
The Weather hung very rainy.
23 A deserter came in this morning, he ascertains the place where the Enemy are erecting their Battery and we distress them as much as we can with Shells. The Accounts from the Deserters are that they have about 2000 Men.
We fix'd a 6 lbder on the Batteau
[page 13]
which the Wind and stream brought us down and sent her towards the place where the Enemy were at work, She fir'd several Shot into their Camp.
Mr. L'Orimiex and Hazen were sent to Montreal tho' the woods.
24 This Morning the Batteau with the 6 lbder was sent out again. There were some thoughts of an Expedition up the River with the Schooner 20 Soldiers were put on board and she mov'd up towards the South Redout She soon after was order'd to hter old Station and the men came ashore.
25 Captn Monin (ck) a Volunteer went on a Scout this morning and saw some of the Enemys Sentries which are posted very near the
[page 14]
Edge of the Wood.
The Row Galley was launch'd
We were fir'd at with small Arms from the brush wood north of the Redout, Soon after this a Battery of two guns was open'd against us from the Waters Edge to the Southward of us; The Schooner was struck once or twice, and two or three Shot came into the North Redout, one of which graz'd a Sergeants Shoulder
We return'd the fire with Shot and Shells. At dusk the Enemys Cannon ceas'd and towards 9 oClock they began throwing Shells which by a Splinter we judg'd to be from
[page 15]
a royal Mortar. We afterwards had reason to think there were two of different Sizes.
We began throwing up traverses.
The Weather grew very cold and the Men already felt the want of covering at night very much. Men and Officers were on duty every other day.
26 A Deserter came in this afternoon, he gave us much the same information we had had before concerning the Enemy Artillery says they have two mortars but that one is for throwing Stones and condemn'd as useless Their numbers at the point were only 615 and Sickness and Desondency was amongst them
Toward Sun Set we had some Shots form the Battery
[page 16]
The orders of the 26th Septr. were
The Royl: Fusiliers and the 26th Regiment are to do duty by detachments till further orders.
Detail of the Guards Cap. Sub Serg Corp D S
For Guard at the S. Redt 2 4 6 6 2 100
at the N. Redout 1 2 2 4 1 50
Picket N. Redout 1 2 2 2 1 50
On duty each night 4 8 10 12 4 200
27 We threw Shot and Shells into the wood. The Enemy fir'd a good deal at the Schooner and forts; two or three shot enter'd the Officers Room at the N.R. at Dusk they threw 16 or 18 Shells which did no mischeif. We had continual and heavy rains
[page 17]
Some Canadians were seen going up the opposite side of the Rivers.
Two Deserters came in.
We had a Cannonade towards nights sent a few Hauwitz Shells in return.
29th We had some firing in the morning
A few drunken Savages appear at the Edge of the wood, and came into the Forts, among them was one Wildman a fellow very well known to us. They told us of Allen's defeat and his being taken prisoner, and talk'd of 4000 Canadians being in Arms against us. They were treated kindly and sent away.
We had our daily little Cannonade & 17 Shells burst amongst us in the Evening without hurting any one
[page 18]
30 We plac'd a gun behind the Wharf
The Enemy fir'd a good deal. A Carpenter was wounded in the Row Galley.
Hard frost.
The universal Cry was to go up with the Vessels to attack the Enemy and to sent a party by Land at the same time to spike their Guns. Capt: Hunter did not entirely approve of the plan, it was however thought that some Scheme for an attack was fix'd upon
The Pilot was willing to go and answer'd every objection started against it.
Firing with small Arms form the wood.
Oct. 1st
Some firing: Several Shot struck the House
Two drunken Indians came in towards nights, they confirm the Account of Allens defeat.
[page 19]
2d Rain. Our Canoes allmost all disabled.
3d A Soldier of the R. Emigrants kill'd.
Several of the french Volunteers talk of retiring thro the wood. Shells at night.
4 Some Shells were sent us at Day break. We saw people about Hazens House.
A Batteau was seen below us, suppos'd to have drifted form the Enemy.
In the night two Batteaux were seen by our guard Boat, The Schooner haul'd and fir'd at them, upon which the Crews got into one Batteau and suffer'd the other to drift. We have heard since, that the latter was a Sort of fire raft.
The row Galley with 12 Ders and a 24 lber went a little way down the river towards Hazens House and return'd after firing a few Shot at the fellows who infested
[page 20]
that Shore.
A Soldier of the R. Fuziliers was shot this afternoon while Sentry.
8 Head of Cattle appeard at the edge of the wood and were drove in by Capt.n Monin and Mons:r Moiauin. none of the Enemy happen'd to be near the Spot and they were not fir'd upon. We heard a great many Shouts amongst the Enemy and the sound of Axes at work.
5th Two of those of the Volunteers went off; this was the second desertion amongst them, 4 or 5 having taken themselves away a few days before. Axes were heard in almost every directions round the forts and several Boats full of men were seen crossing over from point Daniel
[page 21]
The Enemys Vessels continued to form a chain across the river and were in full view.
Some imagin'd they saw men at work opposite the North redoubt on the east side of the River.
6 Two more Cows were driven into the fort
'Firing was heard towards la Prairie which gave hopes that Succours might be on their way.
The Rebels fir'd a few Shot at us and threw shells which form their flight, we judg'd of a more tremendous nature than the former ones. Some splinters afterward discover'd them to be 13 Inch in diam:t None fell within the forts. A singular Explosion at the mortar Battery, as the last Shell was fir'd, made us imagine the mortar was burst especially as the
[page 22]
Shell fell short and in a bad direction and the witty observ'd the Sow had brought her pigs to a fine market. The Enemy on their Side were heard to laugh and we afterwards had reason to think that any thing relating to the Sow was a better Joke to them than to us. We sent them a good many Small Shells.
7th In the afternoon the row Galley was man'd and sent under the Command of Lieut. Abbot an officer of Art:l towards Hazens House and along the side of the River opposite the N. Redoubt. She fir'd a great deal of grape Shot and the fire was returnd'd from Musketry behind the Stumps and bushes. Four men were slightly wounded, among them, was Dr. Millar
[page 23]
Surgeons Mate in the 26th Regt:
The Enemy kept firing at us during thsi Expedition and sent a few Shells towards us but very ill directed: We Seconded the fire of the Galley by Shells.
8th We endeavor'd to strengthen our Magazine with logs and Earth Capt: McKoy Monin and about 15 Volunteers pass'd the night in the woods.
9th The Row Galley was sent a little way down the river at day break, in hopes of decoying some stragglers to fire upon her. so as to give the party in the wood an Opportunity of surprising them, but she return'd without having been fir'd at. The Volunteers fell in with a small party and brought in two men, one dangerously wounded and the other expiring. The former
[page 24]
died a day or two after. The Intelligence we receiv'd was that there were 200 Canadians at Hazens. 1000 Men at Pt. Daniel and 1000 Men below us at the Enemy's lower Camp. In the Evening the Enemy threw Shells. Three large ones fell into the North Redoubt & Several fell into the South Redoubt but only two men were wounded and those very Slightly. Two Volunteers sat out for Montreal by Major Preston's Consent ( 'they were taken' is written underneath, might be a different hand)
10th We began to be more Sparing of our Ammunition to make it keep proportion with the provisions.
A Woman who lost her way from one of the Rebels Camps to the other was brought into the Redouts. She talk'd of
[page 25]
Batteaux loaded with Sick Men having left the point, and of Guns being arrive'd there.
We cou'd see the Enemy dragging Cannon on the other side of the River.
Shells at night and great shouting at the point, together with firing of small Arms. Our Men kept their health pretty well.
11 Two Embrasures were unmasked at a Battery opposite the N. Redoubt and a few Shot were fir'd form them. The Royal Savage was warp'd nearer the S. Redoubt and close in Shore, many thought She might have silenc'd a Battery of two small guns.
[page 26]
We had Shells in the Evening.
One fell into the barn in the S. Redoubt but did no more mischief than was repair'd in two hours in the night.
Men and gun Carriages were seen crossing the River at the Point. Many thought the Enemy were going to attack Cahambli.
12 Another Carriage and more Men cross'd the River. Sleet Rain and very cold Weather. Several Volunteers again talk'd of going to Montreal but did not obtain leave. They surely suffer'd a great deal, but it was no time to complain.
[page 27]
We were busied in raising the gunwale of the row Galley and chocking her.
13 Some small Mortars were brought down to the N. Redoubt, and one of the Howitzes. A great many Men with packs at their backs were seen going down the opposite side of the River by Hazens. We heard nothing more from the new Battery opposite us but saw 4 Embrasures and two Guns. We open'd an Embrasure in the East Side of the N. Redout.
14 Two deserters came in, they told us the Battery opposite us was to be of 4 guns 2 12 lb. a 9 and a 6 lb. They said mire Shells were sent for from Crownpoint, that the Mortar
[page 28]
Battery was quite enclos'd with a breast work and its guard was 300 Men.
At about 1 oClock the Battery of 4 guns open'd upon us. The 2 gun Battery play'd upon us and shels were thrown at the same time. The House was in a little time very much damag'd. A 13 Inch Shell fell into it which fortunately hurt no one, but broke most of the partitions, threw down a Chimney and made the inside of the house a pile of rubbish in which scarcely a habitable Corner was to be found.
[page 29]
The Shell burst in falling and the Experiment if our Magazine was bomb proof was not tried.
Thes day Mr. Freeman Lieut. in the Royal Fuziliers was kill'd by a 4 lb Shot.
Part of a Barrel of Powder blew up in the S. Redout and hurt 4 Men one is since dead.
Two Men in the N. Redout were hurt by the rubbish a Shell threw up.
15 The Cannonade began again in the Morning, about 140 Shot were fir'd One of the Volunteers had both his Legs shot off at the N. Redoubt
At the same time Musketry was fir'd form the Woods and a
[page 30]
Man of the R. Fuziliers was shot thro' the Thigh.
The Weather grew very cold, and as the Windows of the house were all broke; As many as cou'd find room in the Cellars Slept there, The rest unable either to gat a place or to bear the heat and disagreeable Smell arising from such numbers being crowded together Slept above in cold and danger, or walk'd about the greatest part of the night. Towards Evening we were again insulted with Shells; and the night being cold and wet it was thought proper to rouse us at Midnight with a few Shells and Shot
16 More Cannonading. A Carpenters
[page 31]
Arm was shot off. The Schooner sunk up to her ports. We found that red hot shot had been fir'd and her Colors which lay in the hold were scorch'd. Firing was heard in the night, we cou'd not determine whether towards LaPrairie or Chambli.
We were constantly employ'd in throing up Traverses; These from the hasty manner in which they were constructed and the bad weather soon fell in, and were again propt and repair'd,, so that our Shatter'd House together with the ruinous Traverses, mud Ditches, broken platforms & c: exhibited a very ragged Scene. Within
[page 32]
Doors, if that cou'd be call'd within Doors where Doors and Windows were broken in pieces, the Appearance was no better; Heaps of boards, Earth glass, brick and other Rubbish lay promiscuously scatter'd: The rooms, by the partitiouns being broke, were mostly laid together, and the roof and ceiling were open on every side, especially where the Shell and markt its path. Such was the state of the N.R. the S. Redout was no better circumstanc'd : A 13 Inch Shell had fallen into the Barn, and many Shot had struck the house. Our Rum
[page 33]
Wine & c: were exhausted. Salt Pork was our daily fare, with sometimes a few roots, and we reduc'd ourselves about this time to 2/3 of the usual Allowance. The Men were many of them flux'd, yet enjoy'd or rather had better health than could have been hop'd. The Situation of the Sick and Wounded was a very cruel one: They were neither out of the reach of danger nor were they shelter'd from the Inclemency of the Weather, or provided with any of those things which might alleviate their Sufferings; One or two were hurt in their births.
A shot wounded a Soldier of the R. F., (he died) another was bruised and the pouch of a third was carried away.
[page 34]
17th Firing was heard towards Chambli. Traverses were erected within the house. Captn Robinson of the R.E. with two Volunteers sat out for Montreal with a Message from Maj: Preston. They were taken.
18 Firing was again heard towards Chambli.
A man of the R.A. was kill'd.
In the night many fellows approach'd the Redoubts and fir'd Musketry. We saw lights going round the brush
19 Cannonading from the Enemy
20 Two men appear'd at the edge of the wood to the N. of the redoubts with a flag of Truce. They were brought in blindfolded, one was
[page 35]
the drum Major of the R. F. This was to inform us that Chambli had surrender'd, and to request leave for Batteaux to pass the Forts with the Prisons and their Baggage.
21 The Garrison of Chambli pass'd the Forts. The Volunteers at St. Johns wanted to Capitulate for themselves, and were refus'd Maj: Preston's leave. A young man came into The Forts with a flag of truce, to bring three Women whose husbands were in the Fort. He gave a letter to Maj: Preston of which the following is a copy.
[page 36]
" We were told by the drum Major that a Battery was erecting to the N.W. of us, and that an unsuccessufll Attempt ahd been made a Longeuil (ck) under Mons: Rigauville who was taken prisoner."
Incessant rain.
23 We had no extraordinary Incidents till this morning when a Serjeant of the R.F. receiv'd a mortal wound form a Splinter of a brick. Three Balls have at different times enter'd the Officers Guard room at the S.R. and tho' there were never less than 8 or 10 people in the room & once 13 no
[page 37]
one was ever hurt if we except Captn Stronge who receiv'd a Slight Contusion.
The Weather began to be exceeding cold and the Men to fall sick.
We were oblig'd to diminish the guards, The duty having been too hard, Men and Officers having sometimes been two nights successively on duty for want of a sufficient number for a relief.
Our Ammunition became scarce and we fir'd little and only small Shells.
27 Firing heard towards Montreal
28 Weather exceeding cold, one of the deserter from the rebels deserted back.
An Indian came in, who told us many lies; amongst the rest, that Genl Carleton had made good his landing at Longeuil, that 5000 men were arrived in Canedas he likewise inform'd us of Capt. Robinsons Fate
[page 38]
We gave him a letter for Genl: Carleton which was fastend in a Sliver bag he wore in his hair.
We had scarcely any firing we imagin'd we saw a Battery rising off the N.W. Angle of the N. Redout
29 Capt.n Monin and Capt:n McKoy went out this morning in hopes of getting a prisoner, and if possible to survey the Enemys position. An Officer & 25 Men were order'd to be in readiness to Support them. They had been out a very little while, when they fell in with a Man, who we afterwards found was a straggler from a party of 200 Men, who were very near the same Spot. The Men inform'd us there were 2000 Men
[page 39]
at the rapids (i.e. the lower Camp) and 50 Indians. He knew of no advantage gain'd at Longeuil. He shew'd us the place of the Battery and told us it was to be of 4 guns. We threw a good many shells towards it and continued so doing every quarter of an hour during the night.
30 The Battery appeard very plainly.
9 far pigs came running towards the Fort and were receiv'd with great Cordiality.
Firing was heard towards Montreal
We had very little firing from the Enemy
A man was struck in the foot by a grape shot
Nov. 1 A Soldier of the R. F deserted to the Rebels.
[page 40]
At 10 oClock this Morning the N.W. Battery of 4 guns open'd, That on the opposite side of the River play'd on us at the same time, these with 6 Mortars kept an incessant fire 'till Sun Set. Large pieces of the Wall were knocked in
The Chimneys of the house in the South Redoubt were thrown down and the few Corners where some little shelter from the weather was to be had were now no longer tenable. A great many shot pass'd thro' the parapets and some wounded Men behind them. 3 Men were kill'd and 4 or 5 wounded. A good deal of provision was destroy'd.
[page 41]
Towards the night the Enemy beat a parley, Their Messenger was receiv'd and he brought the following letter from Mr Montgomery
[the letter was not copied, a large blank space was left on the page]
The Messenger was a hair dresser of Montreal [note his name Duggen I think] who had been taken prisoner at Longeuil. He told us of Gen:l Carletons not having been able to effect a landing there. Capt.n Stewart was sent to tell Mr Montgomery that we shou'd send an Answer next morning
[page 42]
The Officers were assembles. Maj:r Preston inform'd them that there was at 2/3 Rations, park and flour for 8 days. from this was to be deducted the damages of the day before. The Advice of the Officers was then taken and the following lette sent:
[blank space left on the page]
2d Captn Stewart and Captn Williams went to the Camp with the letter and
[page 43]
retrun'd with the following answers
(area left blank)
An Officer was sent up to the point to speak with Mons: Despaine who confirms the Barbers deposition. There was now nothing left, but to frame the Best Articles we cou'd for the Garrison. The following were drawn up and sent in a letter to this Purpose.
(+ here shou'd follow the articles)
[page 44]
To these the Enemy sent the Answers following each article and a letter conceiv'd in these terms.
page 45
3d: The Troops march'd out of the redouts and embark'd for an Encampment of the Rebels two miles above St. Johns.
We left in the Forts about 3 days provision, scarce any loose powder, and three Boxes of Ammunitions of each gun that was mounted; that is the Quantity kept in Case of Storm.
[page 46]
It is remarkable that from the first day of the blockade, we had not a Syllable of Intelligence from Gen:l Carleton, altho' we sent repeated Messengers to Montreal.
The little Execution done in proportion to the number of Shot & Shells fir'd is surprising for we had not above 40 Men kill'd & wounded*
* that is, during the blockade: in all from the time of our taking post at St. Johns we had 60 kill'd or wounded
Near 1000 Shot and between 50 & 100 Shells were fir'd at the Redouts the last day.
The Men shew'd a Chearfullness under their Fatigues which 'spite of Events can but reflect honor upon them, as Few cou'd be so devoid of
[page 47]
reflexion as not to see how slender our hopes of releif were, and of course to apprehend the most unfavorable Issue.
We may thank our Enemy in some sort for leaving us in such slight field works the credit of having been only reduc'd by famine. Had they understood, or been a fit people to carry on obsidional operations, Their Batterys might with their numbers by means of Approaches have been brought much closer to our Redouts have overlook'd us, destroy'd our breastworks, and by a slaughter from which there cou'd have been no Shelter, have render'd our holding out,
[page 48]
a meer sacrifice of Men who might be reserv'd for better Services.
Upon the whole it may be said that the Garrison of St. Johns suffer'd in their Misfortunes, dangers and hardships which have often been the price of honor to more fortunate troops.
Map of St. Johns follows"
[CAIN No. 185387 National Archives of Canada
TITLE: Charles Preston fonds. “The fonds also contains a journal of the siege of St. John with the name of J. André on the fly-leaf, professional analysis of the signature on the fly-leaf and handwriting of this journal in 1976 indicate that it was written by Major John André, dated 17 September to 3 November 1775, 52 pages. It is believed that the journal was written by André on order of Preston, who was André's commanding offer during the siege.”
Transcribed by Frank Cecala July 2010]
[Page 1]
St. John's the 17th September 1774 (but it was really 1775)
Our Redouts were at this time (if not finished) at least in a very defensible state; The Insides of the parapet and the Embrasures were sodded. The ditch was frais'd and the Guns mounted, there it is true on very bad platforms We had two eight Inch Howitze(rs) and 8 royal or Cohorn Mortars, about 30 pieces of Cannon, among which were two light brass 24 lbs, 6 Iron 9 lb. The rest were of smaller Caliber, and chiefly brass. The Schooner which before the Redouts carried 12 Guns and was finished The Row Gallery which was launch'd soon after carried one brass 24 lb.
The Garrison consisted of Fuziliers 239
Officers and 26th Regt 198
not R. Emigrants 18
included Volunteers 71
R Artillery 31
557
[page 2]
On board the Vessels
10 of the Carpenters
did duty In all
We had besides there, or rather were encumnber'd with about 40 Women & and a many Children, whom we we were now oblig'd to take within the Forts from huts around them, where they had hitherto liv'd.
The whole accounting to souls were contain'd in a Barrack built for 25 Men: a barn, and a large house belonging to Col. Christie & a Mr. Hasen. It was round these buildings that the Redouts were thrown up and these were the work of 300 Men since the month of July.
The Men had neither Bedding, Straw
[Page 3]
or blankets; for about 20 amongst [between crossed out] near 200 Men deserve not to be mention'd. Provision and a quantity of blankets which were on the way to St. Johns were seiz'd by the rebels, of great Importance in a Climate where the nights of September and October are as cold as those of the of the two Succeeding Months in England.
17th
At about 2 oClock this afternoon a few Batteaux appear'd off Point Daniel about 1 1/2 miles from the Fort and our Guard Boat cou'd perceive a Sloop, a Schooner, Gondolas, pettiaugers, and a great many Batteaux. The Vessels were at Anchor and men were landing from Boats. The Gondola's advanc'd a little and fir'd serveral Shot at the
[page 4]
Guard Boats and the Forts whilst we sent them some Howitz Shells from one of these pieces of Artillery which Captn Williams had fixt so as to serve as a Mortar.
18th
This morning we were inform'd that the rebels intended to take post about 2 miles lower than St. John's, at a rivulet near which we had had a redoubt till within a fortnight, when the Enemy made their first appearance at the Isle aux Noix. Lieut: Duff (?) with 30 Men was sent for intelligence, with orders to bring in the Cattle belonging to the neighbouring farms. At his return he reported that there appear'd
[page 5]
to him to be about 200 Men on the other Side of the rivulet entrench'd with the logs of a Bridge which they had broken. Capt Strong was then sent with a detachment of 100 men, an Officer of Artillery with a field peice and the Volunteers.. The Rebels on their appearing fir;d a few shot and ran off into the wood.. Our people took two wounded prisoners, and lost one man (Mons: Beaubien a Volunteer)
We had two or three wounded.
After this little skirmish whilst the breast work was destroying more Ammunitionn was sent for from the Fort which an Officer and 20 Men brought up. The Bridge was scarce
[page 6]
repair'd when some noise was heard and an Indian who appear'd at the Edge of the wood was seiz'd by two or three who were with us: A good many shot were then fir'd from behind the Trees and Bushes but upon our returning the fire very briskly nothing more was heard of the Enemy. A Slodier of the 26th Regiment was kill'd in the last fray. Captn Dundee, on the second firing being heard at the Fort, was ordered out with a reinforcement of 40 men and met the first Detachemt on their return to the Fort.
During this time the Enemys
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Gondola's had been insulting the redouts with a few Shot which had no Effect.
The Indian who was taken was buffeted by our Indians and sent back. Mr. Hazen and Mr. Tucker who were found with the rebels (tho' indeed without Arms) were kept prisoners in the Forts. In this Affair, as there has since been throughout the Campaign in Canada there were Englishmen fighting against Englishmen, French against French and Indians of the same Tribe against each other.
Both the last night and this the Rebels were heard at work entrenchg themselves.
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19 We heard they had again taken post in the place from which we had driven them, and had brought away the Inhabitants from between the redouts and themselves.
We demolis'd the huts which had been built without the Forts for the Women.
The two or three Indians who were yet at St. Johns were sent to Montreal, We had a false Alarm in the night from a Sentry firing his piece.
It rain'd extreamly hard and half the Garrison was constantly up & was reliev'd every four hours.
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20 A Man was sent across the River to Hazens House, he cou'd from thence see them entrenching very near us: We threw a Shell or two towards the place where we presum'd they were.
We had an Alarm in the night & almost a general fire from the Works. In the morning a Horse was found dead, this was the Enemy our out Sentry had seen and challang'd.
21 A Man was sent out again a little way to the northward of the redouts, and found the road block'd in many places with fell'd trees.
It rain'd the whole night and blew very hard. One of our Batteaux drove Down the River and was lost.
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A large Batteau with 3 or 4 Barrels of pork and as many of Flour in which a Boy was sleeping,
drov ([] down from the Enemy we Stopt her and at the same time a Yawl from the same quarter.
The Boy told us that the Enemy had 4 Guns and two mortars, that they were erecting a Battery, and making a road to it thro' the wood, that their Tents were insufficient and that they slept in the gondolas pettiaugers & c: that their Batteaux were constructed for 40 Men. He likewise told us they had sent back to Tichonderoga for a 13 inch Mortar called the Sow.
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22 A deserter came in, he told us the Enemy were erecting a Battery close to the edge of the wood South of the redouts and within 400 yards of us, that they were making a road thither from the point. We sent a good many Shot and Shells to the place the deserter pointed out to us. Our Guard Batteau was fir'd on this morning.
This day we sat about pulling down the houses near the Fort and making a Line of Communication between the North and South Redouts.
Towards night a party of 100 Men was sent across the river to Hazens House to fetch away the Cattle, but the Cattle cou'd not be found & the party was fir'd on.
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At about 8 oClock we receiv'd several shot from Musketry at the edge of the wood South of the Redoubts. A traverse was begun at the South redoubt and we erected Sheds in the North redout behind the Banquette as a Shelter for the Men on duty
The Weather hung very rainy.
23 A deserter came in this morning, he ascertains the place where the Enemy are erecting their Battery and we distress them as much as we can with Shells. The Accounts from the Deserters are that they have about 2000 Men.
We fix'd a 6 lbder on the Batteau
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which the Wind and stream brought us down and sent her towards the place where the Enemy were at work, She fir'd several Shot into their Camp.
Mr. L'Orimiex and Hazen were sent to Montreal tho' the woods.
24 This Morning the Batteau with the 6 lbder was sent out again. There were some thoughts of an Expedition up the River with the Schooner 20 Soldiers were put on board and she mov'd up towards the South Redout She soon after was order'd to hter old Station and the men came ashore.
25 Captn Monin (ck) a Volunteer went on a Scout this morning and saw some of the Enemys Sentries which are posted very near the
[page 14]
Edge of the Wood.
The Row Galley was launch'd
We were fir'd at with small Arms from the brush wood north of the Redout, Soon after this a Battery of two guns was open'd against us from the Waters Edge to the Southward of us; The Schooner was struck once or twice, and two or three Shot came into the North Redout, one of which graz'd a Sergeants Shoulder
We return'd the fire with Shot and Shells. At dusk the Enemys Cannon ceas'd and towards 9 oClock they began throwing Shells which by a Splinter we judg'd to be from
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a royal Mortar. We afterwards had reason to think there were two of different Sizes.
We began throwing up traverses.
The Weather grew very cold and the Men already felt the want of covering at night very much. Men and Officers were on duty every other day.
26 A Deserter came in this afternoon, he gave us much the same information we had had before concerning the Enemy Artillery says they have two mortars but that one is for throwing Stones and condemn'd as useless Their numbers at the point were only 615 and Sickness and Desondency was amongst them
Toward Sun Set we had some Shots form the Battery
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The orders of the 26th Septr. were
The Royl: Fusiliers and the 26th Regiment are to do duty by detachments till further orders.
Detail of the Guards Cap. Sub Serg Corp D S
For Guard at the S. Redt 2 4 6 6 2 100
at the N. Redout 1 2 2 4 1 50
Picket N. Redout 1 2 2 2 1 50
On duty each night 4 8 10 12 4 200
27 We threw Shot and Shells into the wood. The Enemy fir'd a good deal at the Schooner and forts; two or three shot enter'd the Officers Room at the N.R. at Dusk they threw 16 or 18 Shells which did no mischeif. We had continual and heavy rains
[page 17]
Some Canadians were seen going up the opposite side of the Rivers.
Two Deserters came in.
We had a Cannonade towards nights sent a few Hauwitz Shells in return.
29th We had some firing in the morning
A few drunken Savages appear at the Edge of the wood, and came into the Forts, among them was one Wildman a fellow very well known to us. They told us of Allen's defeat and his being taken prisoner, and talk'd of 4000 Canadians being in Arms against us. They were treated kindly and sent away.
We had our daily little Cannonade & 17 Shells burst amongst us in the Evening without hurting any one
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30 We plac'd a gun behind the Wharf
The Enemy fir'd a good deal. A Carpenter was wounded in the Row Galley.
Hard frost.
The universal Cry was to go up with the Vessels to attack the Enemy and to sent a party by Land at the same time to spike their Guns. Capt: Hunter did not entirely approve of the plan, it was however thought that some Scheme for an attack was fix'd upon
The Pilot was willing to go and answer'd every objection started against it.
Firing with small Arms form the wood.
Oct. 1st
Some firing: Several Shot struck the House
Two drunken Indians came in towards nights, they confirm the Account of Allens defeat.
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2d Rain. Our Canoes allmost all disabled.
3d A Soldier of the R. Emigrants kill'd.
Several of the french Volunteers talk of retiring thro the wood. Shells at night.
4 Some Shells were sent us at Day break. We saw people about Hazens House.
A Batteau was seen below us, suppos'd to have drifted form the Enemy.
In the night two Batteaux were seen by our guard Boat, The Schooner haul'd and fir'd at them, upon which the Crews got into one Batteau and suffer'd the other to drift. We have heard since, that the latter was a Sort of fire raft.
The row Galley with 12 Ders and a 24 lber went a little way down the river towards Hazens House and return'd after firing a few Shot at the fellows who infested
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that Shore.
A Soldier of the R. Fuziliers was shot this afternoon while Sentry.
8 Head of Cattle appeard at the edge of the wood and were drove in by Capt.n Monin and Mons:r Moiauin. none of the Enemy happen'd to be near the Spot and they were not fir'd upon. We heard a great many Shouts amongst the Enemy and the sound of Axes at work.
5th Two of those of the Volunteers went off; this was the second desertion amongst them, 4 or 5 having taken themselves away a few days before. Axes were heard in almost every directions round the forts and several Boats full of men were seen crossing over from point Daniel
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The Enemys Vessels continued to form a chain across the river and were in full view.
Some imagin'd they saw men at work opposite the North redoubt on the east side of the River.
6 Two more Cows were driven into the fort
'Firing was heard towards la Prairie which gave hopes that Succours might be on their way.
The Rebels fir'd a few Shot at us and threw shells which form their flight, we judg'd of a more tremendous nature than the former ones. Some splinters afterward discover'd them to be 13 Inch in diam:t None fell within the forts. A singular Explosion at the mortar Battery, as the last Shell was fir'd, made us imagine the mortar was burst especially as the
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Shell fell short and in a bad direction and the witty observ'd the Sow had brought her pigs to a fine market. The Enemy on their Side were heard to laugh and we afterwards had reason to think that any thing relating to the Sow was a better Joke to them than to us. We sent them a good many Small Shells.
7th In the afternoon the row Galley was man'd and sent under the Command of Lieut. Abbot an officer of Art:l towards Hazens House and along the side of the River opposite the N. Redoubt. She fir'd a great deal of grape Shot and the fire was returnd'd from Musketry behind the Stumps and bushes. Four men were slightly wounded, among them, was Dr. Millar
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Surgeons Mate in the 26th Regt:
The Enemy kept firing at us during thsi Expedition and sent a few Shells towards us but very ill directed: We Seconded the fire of the Galley by Shells.
8th We endeavor'd to strengthen our Magazine with logs and Earth Capt: McKoy Monin and about 15 Volunteers pass'd the night in the woods.
9th The Row Galley was sent a little way down the river at day break, in hopes of decoying some stragglers to fire upon her. so as to give the party in the wood an Opportunity of surprising them, but she return'd without having been fir'd at. The Volunteers fell in with a small party and brought in two men, one dangerously wounded and the other expiring. The former
[page 24]
died a day or two after. The Intelligence we receiv'd was that there were 200 Canadians at Hazens. 1000 Men at Pt. Daniel and 1000 Men below us at the Enemy's lower Camp. In the Evening the Enemy threw Shells. Three large ones fell into the North Redoubt & Several fell into the South Redoubt but only two men were wounded and those very Slightly. Two Volunteers sat out for Montreal by Major Preston's Consent ( 'they were taken' is written underneath, might be a different hand)
10th We began to be more Sparing of our Ammunition to make it keep proportion with the provisions.
A Woman who lost her way from one of the Rebels Camps to the other was brought into the Redouts. She talk'd of
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Batteaux loaded with Sick Men having left the point, and of Guns being arrive'd there.
We cou'd see the Enemy dragging Cannon on the other side of the River.
Shells at night and great shouting at the point, together with firing of small Arms. Our Men kept their health pretty well.
11 Two Embrasures were unmasked at a Battery opposite the N. Redoubt and a few Shot were fir'd form them. The Royal Savage was warp'd nearer the S. Redoubt and close in Shore, many thought She might have silenc'd a Battery of two small guns.
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We had Shells in the Evening.
One fell into the barn in the S. Redoubt but did no more mischief than was repair'd in two hours in the night.
Men and gun Carriages were seen crossing the River at the Point. Many thought the Enemy were going to attack Cahambli.
12 Another Carriage and more Men cross'd the River. Sleet Rain and very cold Weather. Several Volunteers again talk'd of going to Montreal but did not obtain leave. They surely suffer'd a great deal, but it was no time to complain.
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We were busied in raising the gunwale of the row Galley and chocking her.
13 Some small Mortars were brought down to the N. Redoubt, and one of the Howitzes. A great many Men with packs at their backs were seen going down the opposite side of the River by Hazens. We heard nothing more from the new Battery opposite us but saw 4 Embrasures and two Guns. We open'd an Embrasure in the East Side of the N. Redout.
14 Two deserters came in, they told us the Battery opposite us was to be of 4 guns 2 12 lb. a 9 and a 6 lb. They said mire Shells were sent for from Crownpoint, that the Mortar
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Battery was quite enclos'd with a breast work and its guard was 300 Men.
At about 1 oClock the Battery of 4 guns open'd upon us. The 2 gun Battery play'd upon us and shels were thrown at the same time. The House was in a little time very much damag'd. A 13 Inch Shell fell into it which fortunately hurt no one, but broke most of the partitions, threw down a Chimney and made the inside of the house a pile of rubbish in which scarcely a habitable Corner was to be found.
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The Shell burst in falling and the Experiment if our Magazine was bomb proof was not tried.
Thes day Mr. Freeman Lieut. in the Royal Fuziliers was kill'd by a 4 lb Shot.
Part of a Barrel of Powder blew up in the S. Redout and hurt 4 Men one is since dead.
Two Men in the N. Redout were hurt by the rubbish a Shell threw up.
15 The Cannonade began again in the Morning, about 140 Shot were fir'd One of the Volunteers had both his Legs shot off at the N. Redoubt
At the same time Musketry was fir'd form the Woods and a
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Man of the R. Fuziliers was shot thro' the Thigh.
The Weather grew very cold, and as the Windows of the house were all broke; As many as cou'd find room in the Cellars Slept there, The rest unable either to gat a place or to bear the heat and disagreeable Smell arising from such numbers being crowded together Slept above in cold and danger, or walk'd about the greatest part of the night. Towards Evening we were again insulted with Shells; and the night being cold and wet it was thought proper to rouse us at Midnight with a few Shells and Shot
16 More Cannonading. A Carpenters
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Arm was shot off. The Schooner sunk up to her ports. We found that red hot shot had been fir'd and her Colors which lay in the hold were scorch'd. Firing was heard in the night, we cou'd not determine whether towards LaPrairie or Chambli.
We were constantly employ'd in throing up Traverses; These from the hasty manner in which they were constructed and the bad weather soon fell in, and were again propt and repair'd,, so that our Shatter'd House together with the ruinous Traverses, mud Ditches, broken platforms & c: exhibited a very ragged Scene. Within
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Doors, if that cou'd be call'd within Doors where Doors and Windows were broken in pieces, the Appearance was no better; Heaps of boards, Earth glass, brick and other Rubbish lay promiscuously scatter'd: The rooms, by the partitiouns being broke, were mostly laid together, and the roof and ceiling were open on every side, especially where the Shell and markt its path. Such was the state of the N.R. the S. Redout was no better circumstanc'd : A 13 Inch Shell had fallen into the Barn, and many Shot had struck the house. Our Rum
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Wine & c: were exhausted. Salt Pork was our daily fare, with sometimes a few roots, and we reduc'd ourselves about this time to 2/3 of the usual Allowance. The Men were many of them flux'd, yet enjoy'd or rather had better health than could have been hop'd. The Situation of the Sick and Wounded was a very cruel one: They were neither out of the reach of danger nor were they shelter'd from the Inclemency of the Weather, or provided with any of those things which might alleviate their Sufferings; One or two were hurt in their births.
A shot wounded a Soldier of the R. F., (he died) another was bruised and the pouch of a third was carried away.
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17th Firing was heard towards Chambli. Traverses were erected within the house. Captn Robinson of the R.E. with two Volunteers sat out for Montreal with a Message from Maj: Preston. They were taken.
18 Firing was again heard towards Chambli.
A man of the R.A. was kill'd.
In the night many fellows approach'd the Redoubts and fir'd Musketry. We saw lights going round the brush
19 Cannonading from the Enemy
20 Two men appear'd at the edge of the wood to the N. of the redoubts with a flag of Truce. They were brought in blindfolded, one was
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the drum Major of the R. F. This was to inform us that Chambli had surrender'd, and to request leave for Batteaux to pass the Forts with the Prisons and their Baggage.
21 The Garrison of Chambli pass'd the Forts. The Volunteers at St. Johns wanted to Capitulate for themselves, and were refus'd Maj: Preston's leave. A young man came into The Forts with a flag of truce, to bring three Women whose husbands were in the Fort. He gave a letter to Maj: Preston of which the following is a copy.
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" We were told by the drum Major that a Battery was erecting to the N.W. of us, and that an unsuccessufll Attempt ahd been made a Longeuil (ck) under Mons: Rigauville who was taken prisoner."
Incessant rain.
23 We had no extraordinary Incidents till this morning when a Serjeant of the R.F. receiv'd a mortal wound form a Splinter of a brick. Three Balls have at different times enter'd the Officers Guard room at the S.R. and tho' there were never less than 8 or 10 people in the room & once 13 no
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one was ever hurt if we except Captn Stronge who receiv'd a Slight Contusion.
The Weather began to be exceeding cold and the Men to fall sick.
We were oblig'd to diminish the guards, The duty having been too hard, Men and Officers having sometimes been two nights successively on duty for want of a sufficient number for a relief.
Our Ammunition became scarce and we fir'd little and only small Shells.
27 Firing heard towards Montreal
28 Weather exceeding cold, one of the deserter from the rebels deserted back.
An Indian came in, who told us many lies; amongst the rest, that Genl Carleton had made good his landing at Longeuil, that 5000 men were arrived in Canedas he likewise inform'd us of Capt. Robinsons Fate
[page 38]
We gave him a letter for Genl: Carleton which was fastend in a Sliver bag he wore in his hair.
We had scarcely any firing we imagin'd we saw a Battery rising off the N.W. Angle of the N. Redout
29 Capt.n Monin and Capt:n McKoy went out this morning in hopes of getting a prisoner, and if possible to survey the Enemys position. An Officer & 25 Men were order'd to be in readiness to Support them. They had been out a very little while, when they fell in with a Man, who we afterwards found was a straggler from a party of 200 Men, who were very near the same Spot. The Men inform'd us there were 2000 Men
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at the rapids (i.e. the lower Camp) and 50 Indians. He knew of no advantage gain'd at Longeuil. He shew'd us the place of the Battery and told us it was to be of 4 guns. We threw a good many shells towards it and continued so doing every quarter of an hour during the night.
30 The Battery appeard very plainly.
9 far pigs came running towards the Fort and were receiv'd with great Cordiality.
Firing was heard towards Montreal
We had very little firing from the Enemy
A man was struck in the foot by a grape shot
Nov. 1 A Soldier of the R. F deserted to the Rebels.
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At 10 oClock this Morning the N.W. Battery of 4 guns open'd, That on the opposite side of the River play'd on us at the same time, these with 6 Mortars kept an incessant fire 'till Sun Set. Large pieces of the Wall were knocked in
The Chimneys of the house in the South Redoubt were thrown down and the few Corners where some little shelter from the weather was to be had were now no longer tenable. A great many shot pass'd thro' the parapets and some wounded Men behind them. 3 Men were kill'd and 4 or 5 wounded. A good deal of provision was destroy'd.
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Towards the night the Enemy beat a parley, Their Messenger was receiv'd and he brought the following letter from Mr Montgomery
[the letter was not copied, a large blank space was left on the page]
The Messenger was a hair dresser of Montreal [note his name Duggen I think] who had been taken prisoner at Longeuil. He told us of Gen:l Carletons not having been able to effect a landing there. Capt.n Stewart was sent to tell Mr Montgomery that we shou'd send an Answer next morning
[page 42]
The Officers were assembles. Maj:r Preston inform'd them that there was at 2/3 Rations, park and flour for 8 days. from this was to be deducted the damages of the day before. The Advice of the Officers was then taken and the following lette sent:
[blank space left on the page]
2d Captn Stewart and Captn Williams went to the Camp with the letter and
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retrun'd with the following answers
(area left blank)
An Officer was sent up to the point to speak with Mons: Despaine who confirms the Barbers deposition. There was now nothing left, but to frame the Best Articles we cou'd for the Garrison. The following were drawn up and sent in a letter to this Purpose.
(+ here shou'd follow the articles)
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To these the Enemy sent the Answers following each article and a letter conceiv'd in these terms.
page 45
3d: The Troops march'd out of the redouts and embark'd for an Encampment of the Rebels two miles above St. Johns.
We left in the Forts about 3 days provision, scarce any loose powder, and three Boxes of Ammunitions of each gun that was mounted; that is the Quantity kept in Case of Storm.
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It is remarkable that from the first day of the blockade, we had not a Syllable of Intelligence from Gen:l Carleton, altho' we sent repeated Messengers to Montreal.
The little Execution done in proportion to the number of Shot & Shells fir'd is surprising for we had not above 40 Men kill'd & wounded*
* that is, during the blockade: in all from the time of our taking post at St. Johns we had 60 kill'd or wounded
Near 1000 Shot and between 50 & 100 Shells were fir'd at the Redouts the last day.
The Men shew'd a Chearfullness under their Fatigues which 'spite of Events can but reflect honor upon them, as Few cou'd be so devoid of
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reflexion as not to see how slender our hopes of releif were, and of course to apprehend the most unfavorable Issue.
We may thank our Enemy in some sort for leaving us in such slight field works the credit of having been only reduc'd by famine. Had they understood, or been a fit people to carry on obsidional operations, Their Batterys might with their numbers by means of Approaches have been brought much closer to our Redouts have overlook'd us, destroy'd our breastworks, and by a slaughter from which there cou'd have been no Shelter, have render'd our holding out,
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a meer sacrifice of Men who might be reserv'd for better Services.
Upon the whole it may be said that the Garrison of St. Johns suffer'd in their Misfortunes, dangers and hardships which have often been the price of honor to more fortunate troops.
Map of St. Johns follows"
Stuart Lilie, Senior Director of Interpretation at Fort Ticonderoga, compiled a number of Rebel accounts of the combat surrounding the Siege of Ft. St John's. This blog post serves as an excellent companion piece to those interested in this engagement.